英语的“主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、同位语、状语”是什么?

英语的“主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、同位语、状语”是什么?
英语的“主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、同位语、状语”是什么?

英语的“主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、同位语、状语”是什么?
主语：
句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么.表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”.
1. 名词做主语：
My school is not far from my house.
2. 代词做主语:
We like our school very much.
3. 基数词做主语:
Two add two is four.
4. 名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语:
This is an article.
5. 动名词做主语:
Seeing is believing.
6. 动词不定式做主语:
To do such a job needs more knowledge.
7. 从句做主语:
What I mean is to work harder.
主语的补语：它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分.常用主－系－表结构.
1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她.（her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语）
2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
-- Me. --我. （me做主语补语= It's me.）
3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主语补语）
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她.
宾语：
是在及物动词或介词后,接受某一动作、方式、状态或性质等具有名词性质的字、短语或从句.
He speaks Japanese.
他讲日语.
专有名词Japanese作宾语.
I am good at swimming.
我擅长游泳.
动名词swimming作介词at的宾语.
I don't know the phone number.
我不知道电话号码.
名词短语the phone number作宾语.
She doesn't know me.
她不认识我.
代词me作宾语.
I want to know the answer.
我想知道答案.
不定式短语to know the answer作宾语.
Do you understand what I mean?
你明白我的意思吗?
名词从句what I mean作宾语.
2.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是完全及物动词,后面必须接宾语.
He can't speak Chinese.
他不会讲中文.
speak当完全及物动词,后接宾语Chinese.
3.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,后面除接宾语外,还要接宾语补语.
His mother named him Tommy.
他的母亲给他起名叫汤米.
named是不完全及物动词,后接宾语him句意表达不完整,还要接宾语补语Tommy.
4.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,而后面接的宾语是短语或从句,后再接宾语补语时,必须将作宾语的短语或从句放在宾语补语之后,把it放在它的原来位置,这时it是形式宾语,短语或从句是真正宾语.
I think it is wrong to tell lies.
我认为撒谎是错误的.
it是形式宾语,不定式短语to tell lies是真正宾语,wrong是宾语补语.
Did you make it clear why she didn't come?
你弄清楚她没有来的原因了吗?
it是形式宾语,名词从句why she didn't come是真正宾语,clear是宾语补语.
5.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是与格动词,后面要接两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,其中直接宾语是所给与或告知的事物,间接宾语是接受事物的人.直接宾语与间接宾语时常可以互换位置.
I bought him a birthday present.
我给他买了一件生日礼物.
bought是与格动词,后接间接宾语him,再接直接宾语a birthday present.
I wrote my friend a letter.
I wrote a letter to my friend.
我给我的朋友写了一封信.
The student asked me a question. (No change)
学生问了我一个问题.（无法变化）
6.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,因为句意已表达完整.
The sun rises in the morning.
太阳在早上升起.
rises是完全不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,in the morning是副词短语,作修饰语.
We are students.
我们是学生.
are是连系动词,后面不可接宾语,students是主语补语.
表语：
是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后.如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句.
一. 名词作表语
Africa is a big continent.
非洲是个大洲.
That remains a puzzle to me.
这对我还是个难题.
二. 代词作表语
What’s your fax number?
你的传真号是多少?
Who's your best friend?
你最好的朋友是谁?
三. 形容词作表语
I feel much better today.
我今天感觉好多了.
四. 数词作表语
She was the first to learn about it.
她是第一个知道的人.
五. 不定式或ing形式作表语
Her job is selling computers.
她的工作是销售电脑.
Our next step was to get raw materials ready.
我们下一步是把原料准备好.
六. 介词短语作表语
The patient is out of danger.
病人脱险了.
I don’t feel at ease.
我感到不自在.
七. 副词作表语
The sun is up.
太阳升起来了.
I must be off now.
现在我得走了.
八. 从句作表语
This is what he said.
这就是他所说的话.
九、不定式作表语
作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是如下名词：
hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business
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The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁琐.
Her wish is to become a singer.
她的愿望是当一名歌手.
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.
我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作.
十.形容词作表语
He is old but he is healthy.
补语：
是动词或形容词后面的连带成分,述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分.
补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系.
作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的.补语是起补充说明作用的成份.最常见的是宾语补足语.名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补.
1、主语的补语
它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分.常用主－系－表结构.
1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她.（her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语）
2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
-- Me. --我. （me做主语补语= It's me.）
3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主语补语）
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她.
2、宾语的补语
1.不定式(to do)
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的.
We made him copy the sentence.
He is made to copy the sentence.
I felt my hands tremble.
2.名词
At the meeting we elected him monitor.
I think your brother a clever boy.
3.形容词
What you said made Xiao Wang angry.
I found the classroom empty
4.副词
Please call the students back at once.
He was seen to take his cap off.
5.现在分词
We hear him singing in the hall.
I found him lying in bed, sleeping.
6.过去分词
He saw his face reflected in the water.
I heard it spoken of in the next room.
定语：
是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的. 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语.
所谓的定语,就是这个英语单词翻译成中文是“……的”
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔.
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩.
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩.
数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔.
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生.
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩.
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔.
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆.
There are two boys of Tom's there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩.
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔.
The boy in blue is Tom./穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆.
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩.
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔.
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔.
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔.
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔.
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom.
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔.
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆.
There is nothing to do today./今天没有事要做.
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔.
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的.
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩.
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔.
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆.
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个.
定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语.
单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语.短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语.
1）定语前置
在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词,形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语.但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序.其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材,指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小,高矮,肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途.如：
1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途
A famous American university.
An interesting little red French oil painting.
A new plastic bucket.
A purple velvet curtains
An elegant German clock
另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:
(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词
例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ;
(2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后
例如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ;
(3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前,
例如:a lovely little girl
(4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:
a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) .
当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.
2）定语后置
(1）短语作定语一般后置
It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议.
He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子.
English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言.
The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了.
（2）修饰some,any,no,every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置
Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧.
There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西.
Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗?
（3）副词作定语
The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好.
They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间.
（4）动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语
He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人
This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具.
（5）起强调用的单个分词
Everybody involved should stay here.
The college mentioned.
（6）特殊词
Could you tell me something imporpant.
3) 定语从句
英语里有大量的定语从句,而汉语里却没有定语从句的说法.英语中定语从句中甚至还可能包含定语从句,即多重定语从句.如： A healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. (健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但又不过多.这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养)
(1）英语的复合句中,分句以其主句为基干,通过连接手段,一层一层地展开,就好像一棵树的树干上长出大枝子,大枝子上再长出小枝子.汉语的分句则更多按照时间发生的顺序出现,依次展开.
如： “伟大领袖和导师毛主席领导中国共产党进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争,建立了新中国,人民得到了解放,科学得到了解放.”这句话,译成英语便成了With the founding of new China (which was) born of arduous struggles (which were) waged by the Chinese Communist Party (which was) under the leadership of our great leader and teacher Chairman Mao , our people , and science as well , won emancipation.（王良兰,2003）
(2）英语中的非限制性定语从句所表达的信息,在汉语里一般由另一个小句来表达.用非限制性定语从句时,前应加逗号,并且非限制性定语从句引导词只能用which,不能用that.
例如:She asked for his help which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙,他愉快地帮助了她.
再如: It was a century during which the country suffered continuously from wars.
一个世纪过去了,在这期间这个国家不断遭受战乱之苦.
状语：
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial).
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等.
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当.其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中.
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念.
1.副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度状语,用来修饰well.
He is playing under the tree.他在树下玩儿.中的under the tree是地点状语.
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语.
I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
3.介词短语
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
4.从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
同位语：
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语.同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起.
用法1
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语.
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好.
（Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人.）
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆.
a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人.
用法2
如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开.
He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生.
（brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开.）
Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了.
（同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点开.）
用法3
同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的.
He is interested in sports, especially ball games.
他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动.
[编辑本段]同位语从句
先行词
1．定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,而且仅限于idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少数名词.
例如：
①The boy who is playing football is my classmate．
②Those who work hard will succeed．
③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody．
④The fact that you are talking about is important．
在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,其先行词是名词 boy,它不能用作同位语从句的先行词.
在②句中,划线部分也是定语从句,其先行词是代词those,代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词.
在③句中,划线部分是同位语从句,其先行词是名词fact,它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词,④句便是一例.
由以上分析可见,同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词,但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词.
2．when,where,why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词.
例如：
①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
②I have no idea when she will be back．
在①句中,划线部分是when引导的定语从句,其先行词day是表示时间的名词；
在②句中,划线部分是when引导的同位语从句,其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词.
引导词
定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that,when,where,why.下面把四个引导词分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法.
1．引导词that
引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词,它除了起连接作用,还在定语从句中充当一定成分,并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词,它只起连接作用.
例如：
①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting．
②We heard the news that our team had won．
在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语,在意义上指代先行词news.
在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句,that没有任何意义,只起连接作用.
2．引导词when,where,why
引导定语从句时,它们叫做关系副词,在从句中充当状语,可以转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式；引导同位语从句时,它们叫做连接副词,在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式.
例如：
①I will never forget the day when I joined the army．
②We have no idea when she was born．
在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,when在从句中作状语,它可以转换成on which的形式；
在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句, when在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式.
③This is the house where I lived two years ago．
④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held．
在③句中,划线部分是定语从句,where在从句中作状语,它可以转换成in which的形式；
在④句中,划线部分是同位语从句, where在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式.
⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting．
⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent．
在⑤句中,划线部分是定语从句,why在从句中作状语,它可以转换成for which的形式；在⑥句 中,划线部分是同位语从句,why在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式.