谁能用英文介绍一下苗族?服装、习俗等

谁能用英文介绍一下苗族?服装、习俗等
谁能用英文介绍一下苗族?
服装、习俗等

谁能用英文介绍一下苗族?服装、习俗等
The terms Hmong (IPA:[m̥ɔ̃ŋ]) and Mong ([mɔ̃ŋ]) both refer to an Asian ethnic group whose homeland is in the mountainous regions of southern China.There,they remain one of the largest sub-groups in the Miao (Chinese:鑻楁棌) minzu (nationality) along with other related ethnic minorities.Beginning in the 18th-century,Hmong people migrated to Southeast Asia and today live in northern Vietnam,Laos,Thailand,and Myanmar (Burma).Following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975,a large number of Hmong/Mong people sought refuge in several Western countries,including the United States,Australia,France,French Guiana,and Canada.
The early history of the Hmong is difficult to trace,but theories that place the origin of the Hmong/Mong people in Mesopotamia,Siberia,or Mongolia have been discredited.Linguistic evidence suggests that they have occupied the same areas of southern China for at least the past 2,000 years[14].Evidence from mitochondrial DNA in Hmong-Mien/Miao-Yao language speaking populations supports the southern origins of maternal lineages even further back in time,although Hmong/Miao speaking populations show more contact with northeast Asians (i.e.northern Han) than Mien/Yao populations.[15] This is consistent with historical Chinese documents that describe that area being inhabited by 'Miao' people,a group with whom Hmong people are often identified.
Yet,the history of the 'Miao' cannot be equated with the history of the Hmong.Although the term 'Miao' is used today by the Chinese government to denote a group of linguistically and culturally related people (including the Hmong,Hmu,Kho Xiong,and A Hmao),it has been used inconsistently in the past.Throughout the written history of China,it was applied to a variety of peoples considered to be marginal to Han society,including many who are unrelated to contemporary Hmong/Mong people.Christian Culas and Jean Michaud note:"In all these early accounts,then,until roughly the middle of the nineteenth century,there is perpetual confusion about the exact identity of the population groups designated by the term Miao.We should therefore be cautious with respect to the historical value of any early associations."[16]
Conflict between Miao groups and newly arrived settlers increased during the eighteenth-century under repressive economic and cultural reforms imposed by the Qing Dynasty.This led to armed conflict and large-scale migrations continuing into the late nineteenth-century,the period during which most Hmong people emigrated to Southeast Asia.The process began as early as the late-seventeenth-century,before the time of major social unrest,when small groups went in search of better agricultural opportunities.[17]
From July 1919 to March 1921 the Hmong of French Indochina revolted against the colonial authorities in what the French called the War of the Insane
Hmong people have their own term for the subcultural divisions among themselves,two of the largest being White Hmong (Hmong Der) and Green or Blue Mong (Mong Leng).In the Romanized Popular Alphabet,developed in the 1950s in Laos,these terms are written Hmoob Dawb (White Hmong) and Moob Leeg (Green Mong).The doubled vowels indicate nasalization,and the final consonants indicate with which of the eight lexical tones the word is pronounced.White Hmong and Green Mong people speak mutually intelligible dialects of the Hmong language with some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary.One of the most obvious differences is the use of the aspirated /m/ in White Hmong (indicated by the letter "h") not found in the Green Mong dialect.Other groups of Hmong/Mong people include the Black Hmong (Hmoob Dub),Striped Hmong (Hmoob Txaij/Hmoob Quas Npab),Hmong Shi,Hmong Pe,Hmong Pua,and Hmong Xau.[1]
Since 1949,Miao has been an official term for one of the 55 official minority groups recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China.They live mainly in southern China,in the provinces of Guizhou,Hunan,Yunnan,Sichuan,Guangxi,Hainan,Guangdong,Hubei and elsewhere in China.According to the 2000 census,the number of 'Miao' in China was estimated to be about 9.6 million.The Miao nationality includes Hmong/Mong people as well as other culturally- and linguistically-related ethnic groups who do not call themselves either Hmong or Mong.These include the Hmu,Kho (Qho) Xiong,and A Hmao.The White Miao (Bai Miao) and Green Miao (Qing Miao) are both Hmong/Mong groups.
Usage of the term "Miao" in Chinese documents dates back to the Shi Ji (1st century BCE) and the Zhan Guo Ce (late Western Han Dynasty).During this time,it was generally applied to people of the southern regions thought be descendants of the San Miao kingdom (dated to around the 3rd century BCE.) The term does not appear again until the Ming dynasty (1368鈥?644),as by then it had taken on the connotation of "barbarian.".Interchangeable with "man" and "yi,it was used to refer to the indigenous people of the south-western frontier who refused to submit to imperial rule.During this time,references to Raw (Sheng) and Cooked (Shu) Miao appear,referring to level of assimilation and political cooperation of the two groups.Not until the Qing dynasty (1644鈥?911) do more finely grained distinctions appear in writing.Even then,discerning which ethnic groups are included in various classifications can be problematic.[2] This inconsistent usage of "Miao" makes it difficult to say for sure if Hmong/Mong people are always included in these historical writings.Linguistic evidence,however,places Hmong/Mong people in the same regions of southern China that they inhabit today for at least the past 2,000 years.[3] By the mid-18th century,classifications become specific enough that it is easier to identify references to Hmong/Mong people.
Hmong/Mong people are referred to by other names in Southeast Asia,including:Vietnamese:M猫o or H'Mông; Thai:แม้ว (Maew) or ม้ง (Mong); Burmese:mun lu-myo."Meo",or variants thereof,is considered highly derrogatory by many Hmong/Mong people and is infrequently used today outside of Southeast Asia.[4]
Because the Hmong lived mainly in the highland areas of Southeast Asia and China,the French occupiers of Southeast Asia gave them the name Montagnards or "mountain people," but this should not be confused with the Degar people of Vietnam,who were also referred to as Montagnards.