costly behavior怎么翻译Social Signaling HypothesisPeople may escalate to the use of NSSI as a means of commu-nication when less intense strategies (e.g., speaking, yelling)have failed due to poor signal quality or clarity, or when suchstrategies

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costly behavior怎么翻译Social Signaling HypothesisPeople may escalate to the use of NSSI as a means of commu-nication when less intense strategies (e.g., speaking, yelling)have failed due to poor signal quality or clarity, or when suchstrategies
costly behavior怎么翻译
Social Signaling Hypothesis
People may escalate to the use of NSSI as a means of commu-
nication when less intense strategies (e.g., speaking, yelling)
have failed due to poor signal quality or clarity, or when such
strategies have not produced the desired effect due to an un-
responsive or invalidating environment (Nock, 2008; Wedig &
Nock, 2007). In addition to providing a more intense signal,
NSSI may be especially effective as a means of social commu-
nication and influence precisely because it is a harmful, and thus
costly, behavior (Hagen, Watson, & Hammerstein, 2008; Nock,
2008).

costly behavior怎么翻译Social Signaling HypothesisPeople may escalate to the use of NSSI as a means of commu-nication when less intense strategies (e.g., speaking, yelling)have failed due to poor signal quality or clarity, or when suchstrategies
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【解析】：
It is a harmful and thus costly behavior.
这是一种有害的、代价高的行为.
这里的costly 不作“昂贵”讲,根据harmful应该是“代价高”的意思.


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社会信号hypothesispeople可升级的NSSI的使用作为一种手段，通信时不太激烈的策略（例如，说话，叫喊）由于信号质量较差或清晰度失败，或者当suchstrategies没有产生一个联合国的反应或无效的环境所需的效果（诺克，2008；韦迪希和诺克，2007）。除了提供一个更强烈的信号，可能是特别有效的NSSI作为社会通信手段和影响fl正是因为它是有害的，并且thuscostl...

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社会信号hypothesispeople可升级的NSSI的使用作为一种手段，通信时不太激烈的策略（例如，说话，叫喊）由于信号质量较差或清晰度失败，或者当suchstrategies没有产生一个联合国的反应或无效的环境所需的效果（诺克，2008；韦迪希和诺克，2007）。除了提供一个更强烈的信号，可能是特别有效的NSSI作为社会通信手段和影响fl正是因为它是有害的，并且thuscostly，行为（哈根，华生，和哈默，2008；箭尾，2008）。

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社会信号HypothesisPeople可能升级为NSSI的使用作为一种commu-nication当没那么强烈的策略(如。 、说、叫喊)失败了由于不良信号质量和清晰度,或当suchstrategies没有产生预期的效果由于联合国响应或无效环境(诺,2008;Wedig &Nock,2007)。除了提供一个更强烈的信号,NSSI可能尤其有效,作为一种社会commu-nication和影响力正是因为...

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社会信号HypothesisPeople可能升级为NSSI的使用作为一种commu-nication当没那么强烈的策略(如。 、说、叫喊)失败了由于不良信号质量和清晰度,或当suchstrategies没有产生预期的效果由于联合国响应或无效环境(诺,2008;Wedig &Nock,2007)。除了提供一个更强烈的信号,NSSI可能尤其有效,作为一种社会commu-nication和影响力正是因为它是有害的,thuscostly、行为(哈根,沃森,&汉默斯坦,2008;诺,2008)。

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