英文文献写作技巧

篇一：英文论文写作技巧

我并不是大牛，但也算是在外文期刊上发了几篇文章，现在我写文章2天可以写成，一周可以完稿。以前写的文章老是refuse，现在大多都是revised，摸索写文章的路真的很艰辛，研二上学期我写的4篇文章，结果改来改去的，整的快崩溃了，现在好了，写的文章能拿到

1.5左右的杂志上基本就accept了。

我觉得写文章之前要先有思路，你怎么去写怎么写的和别人不同，有新意。这里面的文章很大，我也说不透，只是参透了一二，和大家分享，望大家不要耻笑。我毕竟是个硕士研究生。 我觉得论文写很简单，主要是能够发表出去。下面我简单讲下我的思路。有相同或不同见解的留下言，共同交流，一起进步。

我是材料出身，搞的是催化，文章的第一步要有图，也就是说首先把图做的漂漂亮亮的，不管是SEM，TEM，Uv-vis，FTIR，还是催化效果图。、图片放到你的文章里就是你的思路，图片放好了 你的思路就出来了，这是就关键的过程，放图的过程中你要考你怎么写，你的文章新的地方在哪？；图做好了也放好了，就是写文章了，写文章也很快了，因为思路有了你的文章也构思好了。我在这里给出我写文章时的程序。对于文章主体部分，我觉得先写 Results and discussion，写完了根据其内容下个Conclusion，然后根据Conclusion写Abstract（因为它们俩有些许的类似），而后补充Experimental。最后也是最难写的地方Introduction，这个让审稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水平，所以写好Introduction是关乎论文是否收录的关键所在。我和外国审稿人专家关于审稿交流过意见，他们也是这样认为，他们也认为Introduction是整个文章的脸面，这是他们主要审的地方，在这里能看到你的创新点，创新点不够直接refuse；Introduction写的还可以的话，就看Results and discussion，这部分其实主要看的是图，你的图的清晰度质量，以及性能图。我审过一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章，我也是这样审的。当然是咱们国内某名牌大学的文章，做的是催化，我也是做这个的不知为什么编辑发来让我审，我也感觉很莫名。后来编辑告诉我和我的文章有些类似还称我是专家，教授……

下面我引用了一些总结的写作经验，我觉得很有用。大家认真看看，在此先祝福大家论文高中，硕果累累不减当年勇时：

1. 前言部分

1.1 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性

通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如

However, little information...

little attention has been devoted to…

little work...

little data / little research

or few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on…

or none of these studies

has (have) been less

done on ... / focused on / attempted to

conducted / investigated / studied

(with respect to)

OR To the author's knowledge... There is little information available in literature about... Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about...

Previous research (studies, records) has (have)

failed to consider

ignored

misinterpreted

neglected to

overestimated, underestimated

misleaded

thus, these previous results are

inconclusive / misleading…

unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial..

Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...

一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.

所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc.

Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.

Their results could be better convinced if they ...

OrTheir conclusion may remain some uncertainties.

1.2.之后引导出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。

如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用： However, data is still scarce

rare

less accurate

there is still dearth of

We need to / aim to / have to

provide more documents / data / records / studies

increase the dataset

Further studies are still necessary... / essential...

为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等, 比如：

1)时间问题

如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足

2)物性及研究手段问题

如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

3)研究区域问题

首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足

4)不确定性

虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清

5)提出自己的假设来验证

如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。

We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...

It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).

1.3. 如何提出自己的观点

We aim to…

This paper reports on…

provides results..

extends the method…

focus on..

The purpose of this paper is to..

Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...

1.4. 圈定自己的研究范围

前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围：

1)时间尺度问题

如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...

或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种

2) 研究区域的问题

和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区

1.5. 最后的原场

在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。

或者说，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)

总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).

2. 怎样提出观点

在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。

1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用

We confirm that...

2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用

We believe that...

3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，

用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...

4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time". 来强调自己的创新。

5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用

We tentatively put forward (interpret this to..)

OrThe results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted from..

OrIt seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..

要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5)，那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。

3. 连接词与逻辑

写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有：

1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立

常见的连接词语有,

also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further,

However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately,

Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Compared with other results,

In order to, despite, For example

consequently, thus, therefore...

用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。

比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，

最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.

接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..

再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..

如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..

如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开

AA put forward that........ In contrast, BB believe

orUnlike AA, BB suggest…

orOn the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB..

如果两种观点相近,可用

AA suggest ….. Similarly ( alternatively), BB..

OrAlso, BB…

orBB also does …

表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result,

表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,

当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。

2) 段落的整体逻辑

经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。

首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份

...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.

The first question involves...

The second problem relates to …

The third aspect deals with...

上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。

Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third..... Finally,..

当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。

4. 正文部份的整体结构

小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。

一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。

一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。

5. 关于abbreviation

如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决

1) 在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abbreviation列表

2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreviation的含义，用来提醒读者。

总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种措施方便于读者。

5. Discussion 部分

5. 1时态

(a) 指出结果在哪些图表中列出，常用一般现在时。如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time.

(b) 叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实，所以通常采用过去时。如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. (c) 对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时，多用现在时。如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.

(d) 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时，多采一般现在时（这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实）。如：These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.

篇二：英文科研论文写作技巧

英文科研论文写作简介

1. 引言

英文论文写作的前提是有创新研究成果，创新研究成果的关键是选题。“An acceptable primary scientific publication” must be “the first disclosure”. 科研论文写作常出现的一个误区是：以为好论文是“写”出来的，只要会写，论文总能被接受发表。其实，论文被发表只是结果，这个结果是和一系列科研环节密切相关的，论文写作只是其最后一个环节。在选择科研课题和工作切入点时，就需特别注意，一定要有创新内容，科学研究的灵魂是创新，重复别人的工作，从科研的角度来说，是没有意义的。值得注意的是，阅读有关英文科技论文，不仅可以了解研究进展和动态，而且，可以学会科技英文表达。同样，选题很好，研究工作做得不够细致、深入，也难有说服力，难以成为有价值的研究工作。由于本书只介绍英文科研论文的写作，不讲如何做研究，因此只介绍有了好的研究成果后如何写成合格的科研文章。

The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publications.

A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published.

Thus, the scientists must not only “do” the science but must “write” science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of good science.

2. 科研论文的一般格式。

科研论文，不象散文、小说那样形式可以千姿百态，而具有较为固定的格式。从某种意义上说，科研论文是“八股文”。

The IMRAD format.

What question (problem) was studied? The answer is the Introduction. How was the problem studied? The answer is the Methods. What were the findings? The answer is the Results. What do these findings mean? The answer is the Discussion.

其通常的组成和每部分的特点见表1。

1

以上为英文科技论文的一般要求，不同期刊风格和要求会有所不同。

练习1。

2. 科技论文的写作步骤

步骤及注意事项如同绘画。绘画要构思、画轮廓、再描绘、收拾。科技论文的写作步骤见表2。

表2 英文科技论文写作步骤

2

值得注意的是，论文最好在研究工作进行中就开始酝酿，这样对研究本身的完整性会有帮助，而且，写作过程中也往往会发现一些问题，由于实验装置尚在，实验还可进行，这些问题还可方便解决。 练习2。

3. 各部分写作的注意事项

3.0 如何写论文题目

First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limit permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to come.

----T. Cliffort Allburt

What is good title? I define it as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the context of the paper.

3.1 如何写英文摘要

英文摘要是全文的浓缩，一般包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论。摘要是全文的摘要，因此论文从引言(Introduction)、论文展开(Approach)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)以及结论部分的要点在引言中都应有反映。摘要部分应尽可能简明，一般不超过300个词，摘要比论文具有更广泛的读者，因此，尽量用通俗和易懂的词汇(这些词汇无需通过阅读全文或查相关文献后就可明白)，且风格、时态等应统一。在英文摘要中，时态可以是一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时,具体用何种时态，应根据表达的内容而定，但一般多用被动语态。请看下面的例1－例7。注意，摘要中别忘了写出论文的主要发现或结论。

一般情况下，摘要中不列参考文献，不含图表。英文摘要内容完整，可独立存在。摘要虽在最前面，但实际上，它往往最后写。等全文完成后，再根据全文的内容提炼和推敲。当然，有些国际会议，开始只需要提交摘要，这时，摘要常常先写。

下面列举了几篇国际期刊论文的英文摘要，供读者参考。同时注意缩写字的使用。

摘要例1

Abstract: Interactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and vinyl flooring (VF), a relatively homogenous, diffusion-controlled building material, were characterized. The sorption/desorption behavior of VF was investigated using single-component and binary systems of seven common VOCs ranging in molecular weight from n-butanol to n-pentadecane. The simultaneous sorption of VOCs and water vapor by VF was also investigated. Rapid determination of the material/air partition coefficient (K) and the material-phase diffusion coefficient (D) for each VOC was achieved by placing thin VF slabs in a dynamic microbalance and subjecting them to controlled sorption/desorption cycles. K and D are shown to be independent of concentration for all of the VOCs and water vapor. For the four alkane VOCs studied, K correlates well with vapor pressure and D correlates well with molecular weight, providing a means to estimate these parameters for other alkane VOCs. While the simultaneous sorption of a binary mixture of VOCs is non-competitive, the presence of water vapor increases the uptake of VOCs by VF. This approach can be applied to other diffusion-controlled materials and should facilitate the prediction of their source/sink behavior using physically-based models.

3 [1]

Keywords: Building material; Emission; Indoor air; Microbalance; Sink; Sorption

摘要例2[2]

Abstract: Desiccant systems have been proposed as energy saving alternatives to vapor compression air conditioning for handling the latent load. Use of liquid desiccants offers several design and performance advantages over solid desiccants, especially when solar energy is used for regeneration. For liquid-gas contact, packed towers with low pressure drop provide good heat and mass transfer characteristics for compact designs. This paper presents the results from a study of the performance of a packed tower absorber and regenerator for an aqueous lithium chloride desiccant dehumidification system. The rates of dehumidification and regeneration, as well as the effectiveness of the dehumidification and regeneration processes were assessed under the effects of variables such as air and desiccant flow rates, air temperature and humidity, and desiccant temperature and concentration. A variation of the ?berg and Goswami Mathematical model was used to predict the experimental findings giving satisfactory results.

摘要例3[3]

Abstract: This paper presents a performance evaluation of two passive cooling strategies, daytime ventilation and night cooling, for a generic, six-story suburban apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai. The investigation uses a coupled, transient simulation approach to model heat transfer and airflow in the apartments. Wind-driven ventilation is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Occupant thermal comfort is accessed using Fanger?s comfort model. The results show that night cooling is superior to daytime ventilation. Night cooling may replace air-conditioning systems for a significant part of the cooling season in Beijing, but with a high condensation risk. For Shanghai, neither of the two passive cooling strategies can be considered successful.

摘要例4[4]

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a computer program developed for solving 2- and 3-D ventilation problems. The program solves, in finite difference form, the steady-state conservation equations of mass, momentum and thermal energy. Presentation of the fluctuating velocity components is made using the k-ε turbulence model. Predicted results of air velocity and temperature distribution in a room are corroborated by experimental measurements. The numerical solution is extended to other room ventilation problems of practical interest.

3.2 如何写引言

中国有句俗话：好的开头等于成功的一半。英文中有句名言：“A bad beginning makes a bad ending”。两者表达方式不同，意思却相近：开头对很多事非常重要，对写文章也不例外。引言即是文章的开头。

写作之前，心中需对阅读对象有所了解和估计，这样在行文时对遣词造句就会有把握，既避免过于专业，使读者难以理解，又不致过于平白，让读者索然无味。

引言一般用一般现在时写，如前所述，引言中应介绍以下几方面的内容：

(1) 介绍讨论的问题、介绍研究的背景，说明讨论的范围及解决问题的重要性。读者往往通过浏览

论文题目、摘要、引言、图标和结论决定是否仔细阅读全文。因此，在引言中应开门见山，说明要讨论的问题及其重要性。

(2) 相关研究回顾与综述。对已有研究的评价要实事求是，对前人工作的精彩和可参考之处应简要

说明，对已有研究的不足和局限，也应指出，但语气应友善而含蓄。

(3) 说明本研究的目的和特别之处。有了前面2部分的铺垫，现在就要具体说明本研究要解决什么

问题，在解决思路、方法、手段等上有什么新颖或改进之处。

(4) 说明一下文章安排。是全部论文的导读。就像领人去一个地方游览或参观，先介绍一下游览的

4

篇三：英语论文写作指导

The Role of L1 Influence and Lexical Aspect in the

Acquisition of Temporality System in L2 English

Name: ***

Student Number: 007

Sun Yat-sen University

August, 2009

ABSTRACT

language in English–speaking settings with different L1 background students. This study analyzes narrative written data from 91 instructed Chinese EFL learners of five proficiency levels aging from 13 to 22, to examine the L1 influence and lexical aspects on the acquisition of temporality system of English exhibited by Chinese EFL learners in China.

The students investigated have a forced early start in tense-aspect use in L2 through classroom instruction, due to the grammatical characteristics of English, which is different from L1-Chinese. This early start of English temporality system in primary school and the extended years of acquisition comparing with other L1 background learners, may be the reinforcing effect of [-tense] L1 Chinese.

Empirical data supports the Aspect Hypothesis that the acquisition of tense and aspect by instructed Chinese EFL learners in China, is influenced by the lexical aspects. The learners regard accomplishments verbs and achievements verbs more representative for past marking than activities verbs and states verbs. It seems learners follow the general pattern of Lexical Aspect Hypothesis, in spite of L1 backgrounds, learning environments or ages. This may be another evidence of the Universal Grammar.

What is intriguing in the present study, which has not been discussed in the previous literature, is that, from the data we have collected, at the beginning, our subjects use past marking on achievements and accomplishments verbs, gradually extend the marking first to states verbs, then to activities verbs, not at the same time.

Potential sources contributed to this acquisitional sequence and methodological

suggestions are discussed.

Key Words: tense, aspect, past marking, Lexical Aspect Hypothesis, instructed Chinese EFL learners

提要

对英语动词词法的习得的研究,多在目标语(英语)学习环境中进行,而研究的对象是来自不同语言背景的学生。 本文分析了91名五个不同语言水平,年龄介乎13到22岁,在中国课堂学习英语的中国学生的叙事作文,考察以汉语为母语的学生的英语时体习得情况。具体来说,考察一语迁移和词汇体对学习者的影响。

研究发现,由于英语的语法特征和汉语不同,学生在习得阶段早期,就在课堂上被强迫开始学习和使用英语的时态系统。和其他不同一语背景的学习者,特别是母语中有语法时态学习者相比, 汉语母语学生习得时态系统的时间相对较长, 这可能是一语迁移导致习得阶段的延长，固化了早期习得的结果。

实验发现, 中国的课堂语言学习者的时体习得,同样受动词本身的词汇体的语义影响,即体先于时。学习者认为, 在谓语动词用过去时态的句子中,使用完成动词(accomplishments verbs)和瞬间动词(achievements verb) 更具代表性,比使用状态动词(states verbs)和活动动词(activities verbs)更自然。这符合了二语习得理论中的词汇体假说,和前人实验结果相符,为普遍语法的存在提供了新的证据。

本文的创新点在于,根据收集的数据,我们发现,学习者首先学会给完成动词和瞬间动词标上过去时体, 然后再到活动动词,最后是状态动词。活动动词和状态动词的过去时体使用,不是同时习得的。

最后,本文探讨了此习得顺序的可能原因并提出了相关教学建议。

关键词: 时 体 过去时体 词汇体假说 母语为汉语的课堂英语学习者