Shakespeare的背景．英文的有关他的一切．如：著作,生活情况．等等

Shakespeare的背景．英文的有关他的一切．如：著作,生活情况．等等
Shakespeare的背景．英文的
有关他的一切．如：著作,生活情况．等等

Shakespeare的背景．英文的有关他的一切．如：著作,生活情况．等等
William Shakespeare was born to John Shakespeare and mother Mary Arden some time in late April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. There is no record of his birth, but his baptism was recorded by the church, thus his birthday is assumed to be the 23 of April. His father was a prominent and prosperous alderman in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon, and was later granted a coat of arms by the College of Heralds. All that is known of Shakespeare's youth is that he presumably attended the Stratford Grammar School, and did not proceed to Oxford or Cambridge. The next record we have of him is his marriage to Anne Hathaway in 1582. The next year she bore a daughter for him, Susanna, followed by the twins Judith and Hamnet two years later.
Seven years later Shakespeare is recognized as an actor, poet and playwright, when a rival playwright, Robert Greene, refers to him as "an upstart crow" in A Groatsworth of Wit. A few years later he joined up with one of the most successful acting troupe's in London: The Lord Chamberlain's Men. When, in 1599, the troupe lost the lease of the theatre where they performed, (appropriately called The Theatre) they were wealthy enough to build their own theatre across the Thames, south of London, which they called "The Globe." The new theatre opened in July of 1599, built from the timbers of The Theatre, with the motto "Totus mundus agit histrionem" (A whole world of players) When James I came to the throne (1603) the troupe was designated by the new king as the King's Men (or King's Company). The Letters Patent of the company specifically charged Shakespeare and eight others "freely to use and exercise the art and faculty of playing Comedies, Tragedies, Histories, Inerludes, Morals, Pastorals, stage plays ... as well for recreation of our loving subjects as for our solace and pleasure."
Shakespeare entertained the king and the people for another ten years until June 19, 1613, when a canon fired from the roof of the theatre for a gala performance of Henry VIII set fire to the thatch roof and burned the theatre to the ground. The audience ignored the smoke from the roof at first, being to absorbed in the play, until the flames caught the walls and the fabric of the curtains. Amazingly there were no casualties, and the next spring the company had the theatre "new builded in a far fairer manner than before." Although Shakespeare invested in the rebuilding, he retired from the stage to the Great House of New Place in Statford that he had purchased in 1597, and some considerable land holdings ,where he continued to write until his death in 1616 on the day of his 52nd birthday.
In his time William wrote 13 Comedies, 13 Historical Plays, 6 Tragedies, 4 Tragicomedies, as well as many sonnets (154) , which were mostly dedicated to his patron, Henry Wriothsley, The Earl of Southampton.
1556 - Anne Hathaway is born.
1564 - William Shakespeare is born in April (probably the 23rd) in Stratford-On-Avon (94 miles from London.)
1582 - Marries Anne Hathaway on November 27.
1583 - Susanna Shakespeare is born.
1585 - The twins Judith and Hamnet Shakespeare are born.
1592 - After leaving Stratford for London, William was recognized as a successful actor, as well as a leading poet. He was a member of 'The Chamberlain's Men'.
1596 - Hamnet dies at the age of eleven. Shakespeare becomes a "gentleman" when the College of Heralds grants his father a coat of arms.
1597- He bought a large house called "The Great House of New Place".
1599 - The 'Globe Theater' is built from the pieces of 'The Theater' in July.
1603 - 'The Lord Chamberlain's Men' became 'The King's Men' on May 19.
1613 - The 'Globe Theatre' burns during a performance of Henry VII when a canon fired on the roof sets fire to the straw thatch. The theatre is rebuilt, but Shakespeare retires.
1616 - April 23, in Stratford on his 52nd birthday he died.
Comedies
"Comedy of Errors" 1592
"The Taming of the Shrew" 1592-94
"Love's Labor's Lost" 1594-95
"Two Gentlemen of Verona" 1594-95
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" 1595-96
"The Merchant of Venice" 1596-97
"Much Ado About Nothing" 1598-99
"As You Like It" 1599-1600
"Twelfth Night" 1599-1600
"Merry Wives of Windsor" 1601-02
"Troilus and Cressida" 1601-02
"All's Well That Ends Well" 1602-03
"Measure for Measure" 1604-05
Historical
"Henry VI" parts I, II, III 1590-92
"Richard III" 1590-92
"King John" 1594-96
"Richard II" 1597-(?)
"King Henry IV" part I, part II 1597-98
"Henry V (1599)" 1598-99
"Julius Caesar" 1599-1600
"Henry VIII" 1613-(?)
"Antony and Cleopatra" 1606-07
"Coriolanus" 1607-08
Tragedies
"Titus Andronicus" 1593-94
"Romeo and Juliet" 1594-95
"Hamlet" 1600-01
"Othello" 1604-05
"The Tragedy of King Lear" 1605-06
"Macbeth" 1605-06
Tragicomedies
"Timon of Athens" 1607-(?)
"Cymbeline" 1609-10
"The Winter's Tale" 1610-11
"Tempest" 1611-12

Early life

John Shakespeare's House in Stratford-Upon-Avon, now the home of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.William Shakespeare (also spelled Shaxpere, Shakspere, Shak-speare, and Shake-spe...

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Early life

John Shakespeare's House in Stratford-Upon-Avon, now the home of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.William Shakespeare (also spelled Shaxpere, Shakspere, Shak-speare, and Shake-speare)[c] was the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer.[6] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised on 26 April 1564. His unknown birthday is traditionally observed on 23 April, St George's Day.[7] This date, which can be traced back to an eighteenth-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616.[8] He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son.[9]
Shakespeare probably attended King's New School in Stratford,[10] a free school chartered in 1553,[11] about a quarter of a mile from his home. Although the grammar schools varied in quality, the curriculum was laid down by law,[12] and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and the classics.[13] However, no attendance records for the period survive to prove that Shakespeare was educated at the school.[14]
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. Two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds the next day as surety that there were no impediments to the marriage.[15] The couple may have arranged the ceremony in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times.[16] Anne's pregnancy could have been the reason for any hurry. Six months after the marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, who was baptised on 26 May 1583.[17] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised on 2 February 1585.[18] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on 11 August 1596.[19]
After the birth of the twins, there are few historical traces of Shakespeare until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. Owing to this gap in the records, scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".[20] Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching.[21] Another eighteenth-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London.[22] John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster.[23] Some twentieth-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.[24] No evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death.[25]
London and theatrical career
It is not known exactly when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592.[26] He was well enough known in London by then to be attacked in print by the playwright Robert Greene:
...there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tyger's hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.[27]
Scholars differ on the exact meaning of these words.[28] Most agree that Greene is accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his station in trying to match university-educated writers, such as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe and Greene himself.[29] The phrase "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" refers to a line from Henry VI, part 3. Along with the pun "Shake-scene", it identifies Shakespeare as Greene’s target.[30]
"All the world's a stage,
and all the men and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man in his time plays many parts..."

As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–42.[31]
Greene’s attack is the first recorded mention of Shakespeare’s career in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene’s remarks.[32] From 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London.[33] Shakespeare would have paid £50 for his share, or he may have agreed to provide plays to that value.[34] After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the Lord Chamberlain's Men attracted the patronage of the new king, James I, and the company changed its name to the King's Men.[35]
In 1599, a partnership of company members built their own theatre on the south bank of the Thames, which they called the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Shakespeare's spending shows that the company had made him a wealthy man.[36] In 1597, he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, he invested in a share of the parish tithes in Stratford.[37]
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions from 1594. By 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages.[38] Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus, His Fall (1603).[39] The absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson’s Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting career was slowing down.[40] The First Folio of 1623 lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", but we cannot know for certain what roles he played.[41] In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.[42] In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father.[43] Later traditions hold that he also played Adam in As You Like It and the Chorus in Henry V,[44] though scholars doubt the sources of the information.[45]
Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford during his career. In 1596, the year before he bought New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames.[46] He moved across the river to Southwark by 1599, the year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there.[47] By 1604, he had moved north of the river again, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses. There he rented rooms from a French Huguenot called Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of ladies' wigs and other headgear.[48] In 1612, he was called as a witness in a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary.[49] In March 1613, he bought the gatehouse of the Blackfriars priory;[50] and from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.[51]
After 1606–7, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613.[52] His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher,[53] who succeeded him as the house playwright for the King’s Men.[54]
Death

Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-AvonRowe was the first biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death;[55] but retirement from all work was uncommon at that time,[56] and Shakespeare continued to visit London.[55] He died on 23 April 1616,[57] and was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607,[58] and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare’s death.[59]
In his will, Shakespeare sought to hold his large estate together by leaving the bulk of it to his elder daughter Susanna.[60] The will instructed that it be passed down intact to "the first son of her body".[61] The Quineys had three children, all of whom died without marrying.[62] The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare’s direct line.[63] Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one third of his estate automatically. He did make a point, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.[64] Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance.[65]
Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death.[66] Sometime before 1623, a monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil.[67]
LZ，我直接从wikipedia上抄的，呵呵。。。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare
还有更多，copy过来太浪费资源了。

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看来大家英语水平都是这么的高撒

好厉害呀

Before Renaissance, English poetry was largely composed of national epics and ballads. In a strict sense, the only poet that endows us with personal emotion and interest of characters is Chaucer, as a...

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Before Renaissance, English poetry was largely composed of national epics and ballads. In a strict sense, the only poet that endows us with personal emotion and interest of characters is Chaucer, as a contrast to the mere record of incidents in medieval romance. It was not until the time of Renaissance that English poetry began to flourish and genius poets sprouted, William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, etc., as a result of the rising interest in the thought of Humanism. Although William Shakespeare is more renowned as a dramatist, his contribution to English poetry finds no opponent. The first published poem of Shakespeare is “Venus and Adonis”, a narrative poem that arose immediate popularity. The poem bases its story on the love affair between Venus, the goddess of beauty and love, and a handsome young man Adonis. It is not hard to find Shakespeare as a passionate young man in the poem for it is overwhelmed with beautiful descriptions of love towards nature and life. Another narrative poem, “The Rape of Lurece” displays a tragic story of a virtuous and beautiful lady. In this poem, Shakespeare shows his talent as a poet by his elaborate artistic skills.
Sonnets make up of majority of Shakespeare’s poetry work. Shakespeare did not originate the sonnet form. The basic structure of the sonnet arose in medieval Italy, its most prominent exponent being the Early Renaissance poet Petrarch. The appearance of English sonnets, however, occurred when Shakespeare was an adolescent (around 1580). Both Edmund Spenser and Philip Sydney, among others, worked in this form a decade or so before Shakespeare took it up in the early 1590s, possibly seeking to exploit the ongoing popularity of the sonnet among literary patrons of the day. What we call Shakespearian sonnets today have different forms with the Italian sonnets in that the Shakespearean sonnets end with a rhymed couplet and follows the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg. In 1609, “Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Never before Imprinted” was published, which collected 154 sonnets commonly thought to be written between 1593 and 1599. Concerning the content, these sonnets can roughly be categorized into three groups: sonnet 1—17 addressed a young man’s love of a lady; sonnet 18—126 describe the young man’s relationship with another young male poet; sonnet 127—154 portrait a mysterious dark-haired lady. Given this and the intimacy of the themes broached by Shakespeare in the sonnets, it is natural that scholars would entertain a search for autobiographical sources, and that this search would focus on three identity issues: (1) who is the young man to whom Sonnets 1-126 are addressed? (2) who is the Dark Lady of Sonnets 127-154? (3) who are the rival poets who intrude in the love triangles of Sonnets 78 through 86? Although piles of works are published in search of the answers to these questions (which may lead to ill suspicion of his personal life), Shakespeare never ceases to impress the reader with the beauty of his poetry.

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