停车难的英语作文

篇一：停车类问题中英文翻译--旅游古城斋浦尔的停车管理战略

中文4335字

英文原文：摘自：

IE (I) Journal.CV 中的

《Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of Jaipur》

Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of Jaipur

Jaipur is a very fast growing metropolitan city which has recorded exponential growth of population in the last four decades. The growth of vehicle population in Jaipur is very alarming. The public transport system is very weak and this is propelling the growth of individual modes of transport. The economic activities are congregating and intensifying in the walled city of Jaipur as a result of which a large number of passenger and goods transport trips originate and end in the walled city. This situation is warranting the need for adequate parking facilities and appropriate management policies, if the activities of walled city are to sustain. This paper presents the surveys carried out to assess the parking demand and supply within the walled city of Jaipur. The parking demand is projected for the horizon year and the shortfall is estimated. The private sector participation to meet the projected demand by implementing parking management and pricing policies is also illustrated in the paper.

Keywords: Parking accumulation; Parking duration; Parking demand; Parking design; Parking policy

INTRODUCTION

Metropolitan centres in the country are increasing both in number and population. There were 23 such cities in 1991 and these are expected to be 40 by the turn of the century1. Most of these cities have developed from historical times. The economic activities like trade, commerce and administration created in the old parts of the cities are getting densified rapidly. In some cities the historic spots of tourist interest are also located in these old parts. Consequently the intensity of journeys to these activity centres are increasing. The improvement in the economic status of the people coupled with availability of personal modes of transport has contributed to the growth in vehicular traffic to the activity centres. The resulting scenario is that the roads leading to these centres are flooded with vehicles of all types resulting in congestion. Another typical feature of these areas is that the carriageway and foot paths, meant respectively for vehicular and pedestrian traffic, are occupied by hawkers and vendors reducing the capacity of carriageways adding to the problems of

crawling traffic and choked roads. As of today the commercial areas in every city are faced with problems of parking, congestion, accidents and environmental pollution. The planners and administrators, concerned with these problems, are trying to find solutions. The present paper describes one of the attempts of planners in finding out solution to the parking problems of walled city in Jaipur. The paper includes description of the parking problems in walled city of Jaipur, field studies conducted to assess the characteristics of parking and remedial measures suggested along with a suitable parking policy.

PARKING PROBLEMS IN JAIPUR CITY

Jaipur is one of the metropolitan cities in the country with a population of over 1.5 million and is observed to be growing at 49% per decade1. Besides being the capital city of Rajasthan, the city of Jaipur is a major tourist centre in the country as well. Major portions of economic activities of the city are located in walled city area, spreading over 6.7 km2. This area is, besides having heavily concentrated activities, a very important tourist centre and attracts tourists from all over the globe. The economic activities in the form of wholesale trade, commerce, household industries, administration and tourist spots generate heavy traffic to and from these areas. The limited road space of the area is congested with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The shopkeepers and vendors also occupy the sidewalks and carriageways. Consequently the traffic in these areas is facing acute congestion, bottlenecks and hazards. The environmental pollution as well as physical and visual intrusions are also some of the other problems increasingly faced by the residents and the visitors to the area.

Parking demand in the walled city area is met mainly by roadside parking along all major roads and there is no major off-street parking facility. With the ever increasing parking demand the vehicles are parked in two rows on carriageways. Footpaths are also filled with parked vehicles. While there is heavy demand for parking, the limited enforcement of regulatory measures fail to control and manage the parking problems. The Jaipur Development Authority ( JDA) concerned with the growing demand for parking and the related problems, (ie, traffic circulation, congestion etc), requested the Central Road Research Institute. New Delhi, to study the parking problems and suggest policies and schemes of management. In the light of the resource and time constraints, as well as severity of problems, the scope of the study was restricted to Kishanpole bazaar in the west,

Tripolia bazaar in the north, Mirza Ismail Road (M I Road) in the south and Johari bazaar in the east as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Map showing the study area

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was taken up with the following objectives:

o to assess the parking demand and characteristics of the study area;

o to assess the traffic operating conditions on the major roads within the study area; o to project the parking demand of the future;

o to explore the possibilities of augmenting the parking spaces; and

o to develop parking management schemes and policies to meet the parking

demand of the present and future.

FIELD STUDIES

With a view to assess the existing parking demand, parking supply, traffic volume and traffic speed on major roads and related data was collected by carrying out field surveys, namely,

o traffic volume survey;

o speed and delay survey of traffic;

o parking duration and accumulation surveys;

o users opinion survey;

o inventory of regulatory measures of parking; and

o inventory of parking spaces.

Traffic Volume Survey

This survey was carried out between 0900 h and 1300 h and between 1600 h and 2000 h on a normal working day at mid- block locations of the following road sections:

o Kishanpole Bazaar;

o Chaura Rastha;

o Johari Bazaar; and

o Tripolia Bazaar.

Speed and Delay Surveys

Speed and delay studies were conducted on all the major road sections to obtain average journey speeds and related delays during the morning and evening peak hours. The road sections included in the survey are:

o Kishanpole Bazaar;

o Chaura Rastha;

o Johari Bazaar;

o Tripolia Bazaar;

o Nehru Bazaar;

o Bapu Bazaar; and

o Mirza Ismail Road.

Parking Surveys

These surveys were carried out to assess the parking demand, parking characteristics, parking accumulation and duration within the study area.

Users Survey

Both two-wheeler and four-wheeler users were interviewed on sampling basis to obtain the data on socio-economic characteristics, purpose of the trip, origin of trip, duration of parking, time needed to walk to the final destination and problems faced while parking. The interviews covered all the seven road sections mentioned in the speed and delay studies.

Inventory of Regulation and Control

The inventory of regulatory and control measures that are in vogue have been identified and the prevailing enforcement measures have been studied through field inspection. The inventory survey covered all the road sections mentioned in speed and delay studies. Inventory of Off-street Parking Facilities

Inventory of the two available off-street parking facilities in the vicinity of the study area has been carried out. This included the assessment of the available spaces and their effectiveness as parking lots.

TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

The data collected through surveys have been analysed to understand the nature and magnitude of the traffic problems and parking characteristics. These aspects of traffic are discussed here.

Traffic Volume

The road sections in the study area are found to carry traffic not only terminating to the activities located in the study area but also to other areas (through traffic). The peak hour traffic and composition presented in Table 1 show that the traffic volume ranges from 3600 vehicles/h to 8200 vehicles/h. The maximum flow was observed on Tripolia Bazaar. It is interesting to note that the two-wheelers, cycles and cycle rickshaws accounted for more than 85% of the traffic. Tripolia Bazaar has maximum percentage of non-motorised traffic (more than 50%).

Parking Accumulation

Vehicles parked in the study area comprised two-wheelers, cycles, cycle rickshaws, four wheelers and goods vehicles, such as, pedal carts and cycle carts. Amongst these two- wheeler and cycle rickshaws were dominant. Peak parking demand of vehicles on selected road sections is presented in Table 2. The table shows that Tripolia Bazaar ranks high with 1882 vehicles followed by Johari Bazaar with 1604 vehicles.The parking demand for the entire study area in terms of equivalent car

spaces (ECS) was worked out to be 3985. The hourly variations in terms of the vehicles parked on different road sections are presented in Figure 2. From the figure it can be observed that the accumulation reaches maximum by 1200 h and declines gradually by afternoon and again becomes maximum in the evening by 1830 h.

Parking Duration

Data on duration of parking of the cars and two-wheelers in the study area has been analysed. Cumulative percentages of cars and two-wheelers parked for different time duration are presented in Figure 3. It can be seen from the figure that 60% of cars and 55% of two-wheelers were parked for less than half an hour. Similarly, 78% of cars and 75% of two-wheelers are parked for less than one hour. The parking duration of two- wheelers is observed to be more than that of cars. This may be due to the shop keepers owning two-wheelers and parking them for more time. The number of cars and two-wheelers entering the parking lots on the day of survey are also presented in Table 3. As shown in the table a total of 6000 cars and 25 900 two-wheelers enter the various parking lots in the study area between 0900 h and 2100 h.

Users Survey

The data of users survey was analysed to know the purpose of their visit to the area, the duration of parking, problems faced while parking etc.

Trip Purpose: The purpose of the trips to the study area revealed the following salient features:

o Shopping for self followed by trading for business were the main purposes of their

篇二：停车类问题中英文翻译

河北工程大学搬砖专业

你懂得届毕业设计(论文)中英文翻译

学生姓名： 雷锋

学 院： 土木工程学院

专 业： 搬砖

班 级： 优秀班

学 号：

指导老师：

2010年 某 月 某 日

英文原文：摘自：

IE (I) Journal.CV 中的

《Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of Jaipur》

Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of Jaipur

Jaipur is a very fast growing metropolitan city which has recorded exponential growth of population in the last four decades. The growth of vehicle population in Jaipur is very alarming. The public transport system is very weak and this is propelling the growth of individual modes of transport. The economic activities are congregating and intensifying in the walled city of Jaipur as a result of which a large number of passenger and goods transport trips originate and end in the walled city. This situation is warranting the need for adequate parking facilities and appropriate management policies, if the activities of walled city are to sustain. This paper presents the surveys carried out to assess the parking demand and supply within the walled city of Jaipur. The parking demand is projected for the horizon year and the shortfall is estimated. The private sector participation to meet the projected demand by implementing parking management and pricing policies is also illustrated in the paper.

Keywords: Parking accumulation; Parking duration; Parking demand; Parking design; Parking policy

INTRODUCTION

Metropolitan centres in the country are increasing both in number and population. There were 23 such cities in 1991 and these are expected to be 40 by the turn of the century1. Most of these cities have developed from historical times. The economic activities like trade, commerce and administration created in the old parts of the cities are getting densified rapidly. In some cities the historic spots of tourist interest are also located in these old parts. Consequently the intensity of journeys to these activity centres are increasing. The improvement in the economic status of the people coupled with availability of personal modes of transport has contributed to the growth in vehicular traffic to the activity centres. The resulting scenario is that the roads leading to these centres are flooded with vehicles of all types resulting in congestion. Another typical feature of these areas is that the carriageway and foot paths, meant respectively for vehicular and pedestrian traffic, are occupied by hawkers and vendors reducing the capacity of carriageways adding to the problems of crawling traffic and choked roads. As of today the commercial areas in every

city are faced with problems of parking, congestion, accidents and environmental pollution. The planners and administrators, concerned with these problems, are trying to find solutions. The present paper describes one of the attempts of planners in finding out solution to the parking problems of walled city in Jaipur. The paper includes description of the parking problems in walled city of Jaipur, field studies conducted to assess the characteristics of parking and remedial measures suggested along with a suitable parking policy.

PARKING PROBLEMS IN JAIPUR CITY

Jaipur is one of the metropolitan cities in the country with a population of over 1.5 million and is observed to be growing at 49% per decade1. Besides being the capital city of Rajasthan, the city of Jaipur is a major tourist centre in the country as well. Major portions of economic activities of the city are located in walled city area, spreading over 6.7 km2. This area is, besides having heavily concentrated activities, a very important tourist centre and attracts tourists from all over the globe. The economic activities in the form of wholesale trade, commerce, household industries, administration and tourist spots generate heavy traffic to and from these areas. The limited road space of the area is congested with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The shopkeepers and vendors also occupy the sidewalks and carriageways. Consequently the traffic in these areas is facing acute congestion, bottlenecks and hazards. The environmental pollution as well as physical and visual intrusions are also some of the other problems increasingly faced by the residents and the visitors to the area.

Parking demand in the walled city area is met mainly by roadside parking along all major roads and there is no major off-street parking facility. With the ever increasing parking demand the vehicles are parked in two rows on carriageways. Footpaths are also filled with parked vehicles. While there is heavy demand for parking, the limited enforcement of regulatory measures fail to control and manage the parking problems. The Jaipur Development Authority ( JDA) concerned with the growing demand for parking and the related problems, (ie, traffic circulation, congestion etc), requested the Central Road Research Institute. New Delhi, to study the parking problems and suggest policies and schemes of management. In the light of the resource and time constraints, as well as severity of problems, the scope of the study was restricted to Kishanpole bazaar in the west,

Tripolia bazaar in the north, Mirza Ismail Road (M I Road) in the south and Johari bazaar in the east as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Map showing the study area

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was taken up with the following objectives:

o to assess the parking demand and characteristics of the study area;

o to assess the traffic operating conditions on the major roads within the study area; o to project the parking demand of the future;

o to explore the possibilities of augmenting the parking spaces; and

o to develop parking management schemes and policies to meet the parking

demand of the present and future.

FIELD STUDIES

With a view to assess the existing parking demand, parking supply, traffic volume and traffic speed on major roads and related data was collected by carrying out field surveys, namely,

o traffic volume survey;

o speed and delay survey of traffic;

o parking duration and accumulation surveys;

o users opinion survey;

o inventory of regulatory measures of parking; and

o inventory of parking spaces.

Traffic Volume Survey

This survey was carried out between 0900 h and 1300 h and between 1600 h and 2000 h on a normal working day at mid- block locations of the following road sections:

o Kishanpole Bazaar;

o Chaura Rastha;

o Johari Bazaar; and

o Tripolia Bazaar.

Speed and Delay Surveys

Speed and delay studies were conducted on all the major road sections to obtain average journey speeds and related delays during the morning and evening peak hours. The road sections included in the survey are:

o Kishanpole Bazaar;

o Chaura Rastha;

o Johari Bazaar;

o Tripolia Bazaar;

o Nehru Bazaar;

o Bapu Bazaar; and

o Mirza Ismail Road.

Parking Surveys

These surveys were carried out to assess the parking demand, parking characteristics, parking accumulation and duration within the study area.

Users Survey

Both two-wheeler and four-wheeler users were interviewed on sampling basis to obtain the data on socio-economic characteristics, purpose of the trip, origin of trip, duration of parking, time needed to walk to the final destination and problems faced while parking. The interviews covered all the seven road sections mentioned in the speed and delay studies.

Inventory of Regulation and Control

The inventory of regulatory and control measures that are in vogue have been identified and the prevailing enforcement measures have been studied through field inspection. The inventory survey covered all the road sections mentioned in speed and delay studies. Inventory of Off-street Parking Facilities

Inventory of the two available off-street parking facilities in the vicinity of the study area has been carried out. This included the assessment of the available spaces and their effectiveness as parking lots.

TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

The data collected through surveys have been analysed to understand the nature and magnitude of the traffic problems and parking characteristics. These aspects of traffic are discussed here.

Traffic Volume

篇三：关于解决大城市停车难问题的提案

关于解决大城市停车难问题的提案

摘要：全国政协十二届一次会议提案第1936号

_________________________________________________________________________

_

案 由:关于解决大城市停车难问题的提案

审查意见：建议国务院交由主办单位住房和城乡建设部会同总参,公安部,交通运输部办理

提 案 人：张勉之,叶迎春

主 题 词：发展规划,交通

提案形式：个人联名

内 容：

随着我国经济社会快速发展，城市建设规模不断扩大，人民群众生活水平逐步提高，国内大城市机动车进入高速发展时期，城市交通需求迅猛增长。为适应这种需求，部分国内大城市加快了道路、桥梁、轨道交通、公交场站等基础设施建设，但停车设施建设相对滞后，停车设施数量严重不足。没有泊位的机动车昼夜在城市街道和居住小区乱停乱放，对于交通出行、市容环境和群众生活的影响越来越大，群众反响十分强烈，已成为国内各大城市亟待解决的一件大事。

一、国内大城市停车难现状

（一）停车供需矛盾日益突出。近年来，我国进入小汽车时代，小汽车快速进入家庭，大城市私家车保有量迅猛增长。而大城市早期建成的公建、民建大多没有配建足够的停车泊位，而部分新建公建为节约用地和资金，也没有按规定配建足够的停车泊位，造成非占路停车泊位严重匮乏，不得不依靠占路来解决停车问题，每天有大量机动车随意停放在城市的马路两侧或楼群里巷。以天津为例，截至2012年底，天津市机动车保有量已达236万辆。核心区（市内六区）机动车总量达到89万辆，按照国际惯例每辆机动车需1.2个停车泊位（即1辆机动车需1个固定车位和0.2个流动车位）计算，机动车停车泊位需求为106.8万个，而实际泊位缺口较大。随着机动车保有量的快速增长，这个缺口还将越来越大。

（二）医院、学校等重点地区停车秩序较为混乱。受停车供给不足的影响，大城市中的繁华商业区、大型写字楼、医院、文化活动场馆，均不同程度地存在着停车难和停车乱的问题。特别医院、学校等行政机关和企事业单位没有履行好应尽的责任，解决好自身办公用车、职工车辆、外来办事车辆的停放问题，单纯地将这部分停车需求推向社会、推向路面，导致单位门前乱停车现象突出。比如天津的总医院、儿童医院门前在应诊高峰时间经常通行不畅，主要原因就是医院内的停车泊位不足，车辆排队等候进入医院，对医院门前的道路交通产生干扰造成的。

（三）居住小区停车问题突出。由于大量已建成的居住小区机动车停车泊位配建不足，随着小汽车加速进入家庭，停车难问题已经不再局限于道路，逐渐蔓延至居住区，特别是一些老旧居民区由于自备车位缺口较大，不得已将停车矛盾推向社会，小区内占压绿地、消防通道停车，引发诸多管理问题。一些小区内车辆占用周边道路停车的问题突出，对道路

通行的影响不断增大，如天津的王串场、永安道、西湖道、十一经路周边的大型老旧居民区，夜间停车难的问题都十分突出。

二、相关建议

（一）科学制定、严格落实建设项目停车泊位配建标准。针对各大城市自身条件，由规划部门科学制定、优化建设项目停车泊位配建标准。同时，在新建、改建项目中，严格落实配建标准。原则上对配建停车泊位数量低于规定标准的，在建设项目规划审批过程中不予通过；对已建成项目配建停车泊位不足的，对所缺泊位，缴纳高额的异地建设费用。

（二）加快路外公共停车楼的建设。由规划建设部门牵头，加快路外停车场建设，增加停车泊位供给。针对机动车停车需求较大的商业中心、医院、学校以及老旧居民小区等地区，结合周边地块开发，积极规划建设停车楼，缓解上述地区停车矛盾。同时，建议由政府组织研究，对于经营性公共停车楼，在土地出让、规划建设、经营管理等方面给予一定的优惠政策，吸引社会资金加快建设，缓解停车矛盾。

（三）深入挖掘现有停车潜力。充分利用立交桥下、人防设施等空间资源，合理设置停车场，满足周边群众的停车需求。盘活用好物业居住小区闲置停车泊位，下大力量解决老旧居民区无停车设施或停车设施不足等问题，利用临时空地等一切可以利用的闲置空间，设置临时停车泊位，并力争建设一批立体化停车设施，最大限度地解决小区居民的停车需求。对具备设置占路停车泊位条件的道路，适当增设停车泊位；对具备条件的单行路，也可在双侧设置占路停车泊位，最大限度地满足群众的停车需求。

（四）开展停车秩序自我规范活动。建议政府组织所属单位，对所属车辆停放实施规范管理；各级党政机关带头解决好本单位公务用车、职工私车和外来办事车辆的停放问题。有条件的单位，在节假日将内部场院向社会开放，为群众提供停车泊位，缓解停车难问题。

（五）出台机动车总量调控政策。各大城市应借鉴北京、上海等城市的经验，在“开源”的同时也要“节流”。小汽车无限制地快速增长，仅依靠建设和管理手段很难改善停车难的现状。以天津为例，应尽快研究出台小汽车总量调控政策，使小汽车发展速度与各种道路交通资源建设相适应。同时，加大公共交通建设发展速度，为总量控制提供有力支持，引导小汽车交通向公共交通转变，特别是去往繁华区域和停车问题较为突出的地区时，选择公共交通工具出行。

来源：中国政协网

篇四：智能停车场论文翻译英文

Intelligent parking system

Abstract

The basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques makes ‘‘on line’’ decisions whether to accept or reject a new driver's request for parking. In the ?rst step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategies are developed using integer programming approach. In the second step, learn-ing from the best strategies, speci?c rules are de?ned. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules are derived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known. The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.

Keywords: Traffic; Uncertainty modeling; Control; Parking; Fuzzy logic

1.Introduction

Every day a signi?cant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have signficant influence on a chosen parking search strategy. During the last four decades numerous

parking search models have been developed (Vander Goot, 1982; Axhausen and Polak, 1991; Polak and Axhausen, 1990; Young et al., 1991a,b; saltzman, 1997; Shoup, 1997; Steiner, 1998; Thompson and Richardson, 1998; Arnott and Rowse, 1999; Tam and Lam, 2000; Wong et al., 2000; Waterson et al., 2001). In many decision-making situations in transportation (modal split, choice of air carrier, choice of airport, etc.) the competitive alternatives and their characteristics are reasonably well known in advance to the decision maker (passenger, driver). On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong influence on the driver's final decision about the parking place.

During the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.

It is logical to ask the question about the bene?ts of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems. Guidance systems signi?cantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and

air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.

Parking guidance systems help drivers to ?nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ?nal destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. Such systems would help drivers to find a vacant parking space even before beginning their trip. The proposed “intelligent” parking space inventory control system that is based on the combination of simulation, optimization techniques, and fuzzy logic makes “real-time” decisions as to whether to reject or accept a new request for parking. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.

The paper is organized as follows: Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the “intelligent” parking system are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.

2.parking pricing

In majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket

printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. For example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).

In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to different alternatives of public transportation. Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. As a consequence, the total number of cars parked significantly decreased, as well as parking duration time. The greatest decrease was in the number of all day parkers. Authorities in Seattle signficantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown. Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees' parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number of vehicle trips during certain time periods, shifting commuters to alternative transportation modes, and to different parking locations. At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide

preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.

The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airport operators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking problems, this means: (a) that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; (b) that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.

3.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industries

Airline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). Revenue management could be described as a group of different scienti?c techniques of managing the company revenue when trying to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time. The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: (a) variable demand over time; (b) variable

篇五：自动停车系统英文资料

Advanced Parking Guidance System

a Intelligent Parking Assist System (IPAS), also known as the Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) for Lexus models in the United States, is the first production automatic parking system developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2004 initially for the Japanese market hybrid Prius models and later Lexus models. The technology assists drivers in parking their vehicle.[1][2] On vehicles equipped with the IPAS, via an in-dash screen and button controls, the car can steer itself into a parking space with little input from the user. The first version of the system was deployed on the Prius Hybrid sold in Japan in 2003.[3] In 2006, an upgraded version debuted for the first time outside Japan on the Lexus LS luxury sedan,[4] which featured the automatic parking technology among other brand new inventions from Toyota. In 2009, the system appeared on the third generation Prius sold in the U.S. In Asia and Europe, the parking technology is marketed as the Intelligent Park Assist System for both Lexus and Toyota models, while in the U.S. the Advanced Parking Guidance System name is only used for the Lexus system.

Development

The initial version of the Intelligent Parking Assist System, launched in 2003, was designed for reverse parallel parking.[3] Driver intervention was not required, as the system estimated the size of the parking space and maneuvered the vehicle appropriately. This was done by an onboard computer which used a camera built into the forward and rear of the car. Sensors located at similar locations detected the proximity of nearby vehicles. The dashboard displayed an image of the lot, and the driver would then have to determine the exact position that the vehicle in the lot via the arrows which appeared on the screen. Using the arrows, the user would set the location of the vehicle in the space. When satisfied, the user pressed the "Set" button, which then activated the IPAS. The system then took over steering control to maneuver the vehicle.[5]

Early versions of this system had difficulty detecting objects, including cats, baby prams and pedestrians. Secondly when the driver activated the system in a too small a space, the system constantly flashed warning signals to inform the user of the danger of hitting the vehicle. User assistance is required in such situations. In 2005, an upgraded version added recognition capability for parking stripes.[5] A later version of this parking technology, launched in 2006, added integration with parking sensors.[5] This latest version could calculate the steering maneuvers needed for parallel or reverse parking, and help determine that the car has enough clearance for a particular space with colored screen displays which indicated adequate or inadequate space.

How it works

Technology

Demonstration of the parallel parking system on a Toyota Prius.

The IPAS/APGS uses computer processors which are tied to the vehicle's (sonar warning system) feature, backup camera, and two additional forward sensors on the front side fenders. The sonar park sensors, known as "Intuitive Parking

Assist" or "Lexus Park Assist", includes multiple sensors on the forward and rear bumpers which detect obstacles, allowing the vehicle to sound warnings and calculate optimum steering angles during regular parking.[5] These sensors plus the two additional parking sensors are tied to a central computer processor, which in turn is integrated with the backup camera system to provide the driver parking information.[6]

When the sonar park sensors feature is used, the processor(s) calculate steering angle data which are displayed on the navigation/camera touchscreen along with obstacle information. The Intelligent Parking Assist System expands on this capability and is accessible when the vehicle is shifted to reverse (which automatically activates the backup camera). When in reverse, the backup camera screen features parking buttons which can be used to activate automated parking procedures. When the Intelligent Parking Assist System is activated, the central processor calculates the optimum parallel or reverse park steering angles and then interfaces with the Electric Power Steering systems of the vehicle to guide the car into the parking spot.[6]

Functions

Newer versions of the system allow parallel or reverse parking.[7] When parallel parking with the system, drivers first pull up alongside the parking space. They move forward until the vehicle's rear bumper passes the rear wheel of the car parked in front of the open space. Then, shifting to reverse automatically activates the backup camera system, and the car's rear view appears on dash navigation/camera display.[7] The driver's selection of the parallel park guidance button on the navigation/camera touchscreen causes a grid to appear (with green or red lines, a flag symbol representing the corner of the parking spot, and adjustment arrows).[8]

Demonstration of the automatic parking system on a Lexus LS.

The driver is responsible for checking to see if the representative box on the screen correctly identifies the parking space; if the space is large enough to park, the box will be green in color; if the box is incorrectly placed, or lined in red, using the arrow buttons moves the box until it turns green.[8] Once the parking space is correctly identified, the driver presses OK and take his/her hands off the steering wheel, while keeping the foot on the brake pedal. When the driver slowly releases the brake, while keeping the foot on the brake pedal, the car will then begin to back up and steer itself into the parking space.[7]

The reverse parking procedure is virtually identical to the parallel parking procedure.[7] The driver approaches the parking space, moving forward and turning, positioning the car in place for backing into the reverse parking spot. The vehicle rear has to be facing the reverse parking spot, allowing the backup camera to 'see' the parking area. Shifting to reverse automatically activates the backup camera system, and the driver selects the reverse park guidance button on the navigation/camera touchscreen (the grid appears with green or red lines, a

flag symbol representing the corner of the parking spot, and adjustment arrows; reverse parking adds rotation selection).[7] After checking the parking space and engaging the reverse park procedure, the same exact parking process occurs as the car reverse parks into the spot.

The system is set up so that at any time the steering wheel is touched or the brake firmly pressed, the automatic parking will disengage.[7] T he vehicle also cannot exceed a set speed, or the system will deactivate.[7] When the car's computer voice issues the statement "The guidance is finished", the system has finished parking the car. The driver can then shift to drive and make adjustments in the space if necessary.

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